References
Gut Microbiome and leaky gut
Enterobacteriaceae Kim K. A., Gu W., Lee I. A., Joh E. H., Kim D. H. (2012). High fat diet-induced gut microbiota exacerbates inflammation and obesity in mice via the TLR4 signaling pathway.
The Study investigated the effect of endotoxin-induced inflammation at both systemic and intestinal levels in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). The below following observations were seen in the HFD mice reduction in the expression of tight junction-associated proteins claudin-1 and occludin in the colon, induced the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and the production of endotoxin and induced macrophage infiltration and inflammation in the adipose tissue, as well as an increase in the circulating proinflammatory cytokines.
Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Roseburia, Prevotella Macfarlane G. T., Macfarlane S. (2012). Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health.
This review summarizes the role of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in energy metabolism in large intestine, starting from the fermentation by the gut microbiota to the uptake by the colon and ending with the effects on gastrointestinal health. Bacteroides are one of the major species involved in the production of the SCFA acid, Acetate which plays an important physiological role in immune system, anti-carcinogenesis, increase colonic blood flow and adipogenesis.
Akkermansia muciniphila
Everard A., Belzer C., Geurts L., Ouwerkerk J. P., Druart C., Bindels L. B., et al. . (2013).Cross-talk between Akkermansiamuciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity.
This study aims demonstrate the link between the obesity and type 2 diabetes with the altered gut microbiota. Result indicates a significant contribution from species Akkermansiamuciniphila which seen in decreased amount in genetically and diet-induced obese and type 2 diabetic mice .Furthermore the study demonstrated that prebiotic (oligo fructose) treatment restored A. muciniphila abundance and improved gut barrier and metabolic parameters in obese mice.
Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosenfeldt V., Benfeldt E., Valerius N. H., Paerregaard A., Michaelsen K. F. (2004).
A total of 41 children with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis completed a 6 week randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled, crossover study. Subjects were given Lactobacillus supplements containing (L. rhamnosus and L. reuteri). Result showed a significant decrease in gastrointestinal symptoms over the period of the study with the probiotic treatment.
Gut Microbiome and Intestinal Health Dorea, Ruminococcus Rajili-Stojanovi M1, Biagi E, Heilig HG, Kajander K, Kekkonen RA, Tims S, de Vos WM Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
The microbiota composition was assessed by global and deep molecular analysis of fecal samples from 62 patients with IBS patients and 46 healthy individuals (controls). Result indicated that the intestinal microbiota of IBS patients have a 2 fold increase in number of Dorea, Ruminococcus, and Clostridium.
Lachnospira, Phascolarctobacterium Xochitl C Morgan, Timothy L Tickle, Harry Sokol, Dirk Gevers, Kathryn L Devaney, Doyle V Ward, Joshua A Reyes, Samir A Shah, Neal LeLeiko, Scott B Snapper, Athos Bousvaros, Joshua Korzenik, Bruce E Sands, Ramnik J Xavier and Curtis Huttenhower.
Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment”. We analyzed the microbiota of intestinal biopsies and stool samples from 231 IBD and healthy subjects by 16S gene pyrosequencing and followed up a subset using shotgun metagenomics.Result indicated Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Crohn’s disease (CD), proportions of the Clostridia are altered: the Roseburia and Faecalibacterium genera of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families are decreased, whereas Ruminococcusgnavus increased.
Desulfovibriopiger Loubinoux J, Bronowicki JP, Pereira IA, Mougenel JL, Faou AE Sulfate-reducing bacteria in human feces and their association with inflammatory bowel disease.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated from 10 healthy individuals (24%), 15 patients presenting with inflammatory bowel diseases (68%), and 33 patients with other symptoms (37%). The prevalence of D. piger was significantly higher in inflammatory bowel disease patients (55%) as compared to healthy individuals (12%) or patients with other symptoms (25%) (P < 0.05).
CoprococcusEuctatus Kassinen, A., Krogius-Kurikka, L., Makivuokko, H., Rinttil, T.Paulin, L., Corander, J., Malinen, E.,Apajalahti, J. &Palva, A. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantlyfrom that of healthy subjects.
Microbial genomes from fecal samples of 24 patients with IBS and 23 controls were collected and analyzed. Coprococcuseutactus species were significantly decreased in all IBS subtypes (IBS-C, IBS-D) compared with the healthy controls samples.
Lactobacillus, Veillonella, Ruminococcusproductus, Bifidobacterium, catenulatum, Malinen E, Rinttila T, Kajander K et al. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR.
Fecal Samples of 27 IBS patients were compared with 22 control subjects to extensively analyze the intestinal microbes in IBS. Extensive individual variation was observed in GI microbiota among both IBS and control group, furthermore Result indicated a lower amount of lactobacillus in the samples of diarrhea predominant IBS patients.
Gut Microbiome and Cardiovascular Health Collinsella, Eubacterium Karlsson FH, Fåk F, Nookaew I, Tremaroli V, Fagerberg B, Petranovic D, Bäckhed F, and Nielsen J Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome.
The patient samples were from the Goteborg atheroma study group biobank, which includes sample from patients who had undergone surgery to excise an atherosclerotic plaque. All sample were sequenced in the Illumina HISeq2000 instrument,the finding shows an increased amount of Collinsella in cardio vascular patients having relative abundance score >0.015 compared to the control group having lesser than 0.005.
Prevotella, Sporobacter, Peptostreptococcaceae, Peptostreptococcaceaeincertaesedis, Clostridiaceae, Fusibacter, Lachnospira, Clostridium, ClostridialesIncertae Sedis XII R A Koeth et al.Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis.
The study links the contribution of intestinal microbiota towards the L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Based on the result they hypothesized that the dietary l-carnitine in humans, like choline and phosphatidylcholine, might be metabolized to produce TMA and TMAO in a gut microbiota–dependent fashion and be associated with atherosclerosis risk. The major gut microbiota contributed to increase levels of TMAO levels in CVD patients were Prevotella, Sporobacter, Peptostreptococcaceae and Peptostreptococcaceaeincertaesedis, Clostridiaceae, Fusibacter, Lachnospira, Clostridium and ClostridialesIncertaeSedis XII.
Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Clostridium asparagiforme, Clostridium hathewayi T. Liu et al.Intestinal Microbiota Metabolism and Atherosclerosis.
Study details the link between cardiovascular disease and TMAO. It has been observed that several TMA-containing compounds may be catabolized by specific intestinal microbiota, resulting in TMA release which then converted into TMAO in liver.The major intestinal microbiota contributed to increase levels of TMAO levels were Anaerococcushydrogenalis,Clostridium asparagiforme, Clostridium hathewayi.
Gut Bacteria and Autoimmune Health Helicobacter Lebwohl B, Blaser MJ, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH, Rundle A, Sonnenberg A, Genta RM “Decreased risk of celiac disease in patients with Helicobacter pylori colonization.
In a study consisting of 136,179 patients, atotal of 2,689 (2.0) % had celiac disease and Helicobacter pylori prevalence was significantly lower in patients with CD (4.4%) than in those without CD (8.8%) with the odd ratio of 0.48.
Aggregatibacter, Porphyromonas Luigi Nibali, Brian Henderson, Syed Tariq Sadiq, and Nikos Donos Genetic Dysbiosis: the role of microbial insults in chronic inflammatory diseases.
A recent survey in an US adult population of 3,742 individuals revealed a prevalence of 47% for periodontitis. Periodontopathogenic bacteria include gram-negative bacteria such as Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonasgingivalis and Tannerella forsythia.
These bacteria are thought be able to enter the bloodstream through infected periodontal, have been found in
atheromatous plaques, amniotic fluid of pregnant women and are thought to initiate rheumatoid arthritis in
susceptible individuals.
Dialister Joossens M1, Huys G, Cnockaert M, De Preter V, Verbeke K, Rutgeerts P, Vandamme P, Vermeire S Dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota in patients with Crohn’s disease and their unaffected relatives.
Focusing on families with at least three members affected with CD, fecal samples of 68 patients with Crohn’s
disease (CD), 84 of their unaffected relatives and 55 matched controls were subjected to community fingerprinting of the predominant microbiota using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results suggests that there is a decrease in Dialisterinvisus (p=0.04) in positive CD patients compared to the control group.
Prevotella GangweiOu , MD, PhD , Maria Hedberg , PhD , Per H ö rstedt , PhD , Vladimir Baranov , MD, PhD , G ö teForsberg , MD, PhD , MirvaDrobni , PhD , Olof Sandstr ö m , MD, PhD , Sun Nyunt Wai , MD, PhD ,IngegerdJohansson , OD, PhD , Marie-Louise Hammarstr ö m , PhD , OlleHernell , MD, PhD and Sten Hammarstr ö m , PhD “Proximal Small Intestinal Microbiota and Identification of Rod-Shaped Bacteria Associated With Childhood Celiac Disease.
45 children with CD and 18 clinical controls were studied. s. The proximal small intestine microbiota in biopsies from CD patients collected during 2004 – 2007 differed only marginally from that of controls, and only one biopsy (4 % ) had rod-shaped bacteria by SEM (SEM + ). In nine frozen SEM +CD biopsies from the previous study, microbiotas were significantly enriched in Clostridium,Prevotella, and Actinomyces compared with SEM biopsies. Bacteria of all three genera were isolated from children born during the Swedish CD epidemic. New Clostridium and Prevotella species and Actinomyces graevenitzii were tentatively identified.
Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Health Lactobacillus Reuteri,Lactobacillus paracasei,Bifidobacterium Animalis,Methanobrevibacter smithii M Million, E Angelakis, M Maraninchi, M Henry, R Giorgi4, R Valer, B Vialettes and D Raoult, “Correlation between body mass index and gut concentrations of Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis, Methanobrevibactersmithii and Escherichia coli.
263 individuals, including 134 obese, 38 overweight, 76 lean and 15 anorexic were subjects to test for the correlation between bacterial concentration and body mass index (BMI). M. smithii was found in 63% of individuals. The fecal concentration of Methanobrevibactersmithii OR= 0.43 were negatively associated with the BMI.
Oscillospira
Julia K. Goodrich, Jillian L. Waters, Angela C. Poole, Jessica L. Sutter, OmryKoren, Ran Blekhman,Michelle Beaumont, William Van Treuren, Rob Knight, Jordana T. Bell, Timothy D. Spector, Andrew G.Clark, and Ruth E. Ley
Human genetics shape the gut microbiome”. In a study consisted of microbiotas across > 1,000 fecal samples obtained from the Twins UK population, including 416 twin-pairs. Results indicates an increase in Oscillospira in lean subjects compared to high BMI candidates.
Roseburia, Eubacterium
Junjie Qin, Yingrui Li, and Zhiming Cai et.al “A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
A two-stage case-control metagenome-wide association study (MGWAS) was developed based on deep next generation shotgun sequencing of DNA extracted from the stool samples from a total of 345 Chinese T2D patients and non-diabetic controls. Using the taxonomic characterization from these MLGs, it was found that almost all of the MLGs enriched in the control samples were from various butyrate producing bacteria,including Roseburia intestinalis and Roseburiainulinivorans.
Eggerthella
Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, Liang S, Zhang W, Guan Y, Shen D, Peng Y, Zhang D, Jie Z, Wu W,Qin Y, Xue W, Li J, Han L, Lu D, Wu P, Dai Y, Sun X, Li Z, Tang A, Zhong S, Li X, Chen W, Xu R, Wang M,Feng Q, Gong M, Yu J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Hansen T, Sanchez G, Raes J, Falony G, Okuda S, Almeida M,LeChatelier E, Renault P, Pons N, Batto JM, Zhang Z, Chen H, Yang R, Zheng W, Li S, Yang H, Wang J,Ehrlich SD, Nielsen R, Pedersen O, Kristiansen K, Wang J “A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.
The gut microbial content in patients (345 Chinese individuals) with type 2 diabetes were analyzed through deep shotgun sequencing method. MGWAS analysis showed that patients with type 2 diabetes were characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial Dysbiosis amongst which Eggerthella species had an OR of 1.57.
Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve,Bifidobacterium adolescentis LeBlanc et al.Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective.
In humans it has been shown that members of the gut microbiota are able to synthesize vitamin K as well as most of the watersoluble B vitamins, such as biotin, cobalamin, folates, nicotinic acid, panthotenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamine. The study shows that some species of Bifidobacterium such as Bifidobacterium bifidum, B.Longum, B.Breve, B.adolescentis are claimed to be the key components to exhibit the vitamin production.
Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis
Turroni et al. Oxalate-Degrading Activity in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis: Impact of Acidic Conditions on the Transcriptional Levels of the Oxalyl Coenzyme A (CoA) Decarboxylase and Formyl-CoA Transferase Genes.
Intestinal oxalate degrading bacteria plays an important role in maintaining oxalate homeostasis and reducing the risk of kidney stones. In this study, the oxalate degradation activities of 14 species of Bifidobacterium strains were examined, among which results indicates B. animalis carries the oxc gene, which encodes oxalyl-coenzyme A (CoA) decarboxylase, a key enzyme in oxalate catabolism which then making it a strong candidate for the prophylaxis and management of oxalate-related kidney disease.
Methanobrevibacter smithii Mark Pi mentel MD, Robert P Gunsalus, Satish SC Rao MD and Husen Zhang Methanogens in Human Health and Disease.
The review examines the impact of methanogens in human health and disease.Methanobrevibactersmithii accounts for 94% of the methanogen population. Methanogens oxidize hydrogen to produce methane and ensure more complete fermentation of carbohydrate substrates, leading to higher production and adsorption of short-chain fatty acids, which may lead to obesity. Recent evidence has linked methane production to the pathogenesis of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), as well as obesity.
